国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟设计(Ⅱ)——功能设计

地震往往给人类社会带来巨大的财产损失和人员伤亡，专业化的地震紧急救援能够及时应对地震灾害，最大限度减少人民生命财产损失，是防震减灾体系不可或缺的组成部分。国家紧急救援训练基地的建立就是为了训练具有专业水平的地震紧急救援队伍和人员。针对建筑物在地震中的破坏倒塌模式，借鉴国际先进地震搜索救援经验，进行了在各种地震废墟中紧急搜索和救援的方案设计以及国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟部分的功能设计。     

国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟设计(II)——功能设计

地震往往给人类社会带来巨大的财产损失和人员伤亡,专业化的地震紧急救援能够及时应对地震灾害,最大限度减少人民生命财产损失,是防震减灾体系不可或缺的组成部分。国家紧急救援训练基地的建立就是为了训练具有专业水平的地震紧急救援队伍和人员。针对建筑物在地震中的破坏倒塌模式,借鉴国际先进地震搜索救援经验,进行了在各种地震废墟中紧急搜索和救援的方案设计以及国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟部分的功能设计。     

日本新潟县中越大地震震害调查及分析

2004年10月23日，日本新潟县中越地区发生里氏6．8级强烈地震，死亡40人，受伤4500余人，10万余人无家可归；房屋损坏近14万栋，财产损失约3万亿日元。作者随日本建筑学会地震考察队到该次地震现场进行了考察，报告主要内容包括：地震概况，地震活动性、地震烈度分布及地震波的特征，震害及分析，经济损失，最后给出了这次地震的震害经验和教训。内容可供建筑抗震设计和今后有关规范的修订参考。     

Setting Site Specific Critical Loads: An Approach using Endorsement Theory and Dempster–Shafer

There is an increasing demand from conservation agencies for site-specific critical loads (CL); unfortunately, there is often very little specific information on a site to determine the important parameters needed to calculate the CL or on the spatial location of the “designated feature” in a site. Determining the most appropriate CL therefore involves using expert judegement to make decisions with incomplete and uncertain information. Endorsement Theory (Cohen, 1985) and Dempster–Shafer statistics (Dempster, 1967; Shafer, 1976) are, respectively, a decision-theoretic and a statistical technique for reasoning under those conditions (uncertainty and incompletness). A key reason for applying these techniques is that they make expert opinion explicit and available for scrutiny. Both techniques have been applied to the problem of setting an appropriate site specific CL, using heathland sites as a case study. Inital findings are encouraging; the uncertainty in expert judgement is made explict, the end results are intuitively reasonable and the methodology apparently acceptable to decision makers.     

火场残留助燃剂的提取分离及气相色谱/质谱分析

本文总结了从火灾现场提取样品中分离残留助燃剂的常用方法,比较了各种不同分离方法的优缺点及主要适用对象,并介绍了常见助燃剂的典型气相色谱/质谱图特性,为火灾调查识别的研究提供理论指导。     

A cost-effective microbial slurry technology for rapid composting of municipal solid wastes in waste dump sites in India and its feasibility for use in Australia

This short article reports on commercial composting slurry now available in India. The slurry culture containing active decomposer bacteria and enzymes is spread on the surface of the garbage and inside the heaps in windrows constructed at waste dump sites. The microbes produce hydrolysing enzymes to break down the long chain complexes of the organic substrates. About 1 kg of slurry culture in the colloidal emulsion form mixed with 20 litres of water is sprayed on about 3 m of solid waste. For one tonne of waste 200 litres of slurry water are needed. The waste heaps are turned once in 7 to 10 days for proper aeration and the inoculant slurry is sprayed at each turning to enhance decomposition and to maintain the proper moisture level which is usually 45–55 percent. The process is exothermic and the windrows reach a temperature of 70°–75°C within 24–36 hours, killing many harmful pathogens and repelling all birds, stray animals, flies and mosquitos from the dump site. The entire process is completed within 4–6 weeks and as the decomposition is completed the temperature falls to normal. About 40–45 percent of the undecomposed matter is of recyclable materials, and of the rest about 25–30 percent requires safe disposal in adjacent land-fill sites. The problem of emission from tip gases and of leachate and discharge of effluents is greatly reduced. The foul odor of the tip also disappears within 2–3 days of sanitization. The compost produced is rich in sodium, potassium and phosphorous as well as certain trace elements, and contains active nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubulising bacteria.     

耕地对农民的效用考察及耕地功能分析

对湖南省长沙市所辖三县一市农民的问卷调查及其统计分析结果显示，耕地对于农民的效用主要表现在三个方面：社会保障，就业与直接经济收益。现行的家庭联产承包责任制体现了“成员权”而强化了耕地的社会承载功能，考虑到我国农村社会保障基本空白的现实及提高耕地生产效率的需要，现阶段我国的农地制度选择应该是：在稳定家庭承包经营制度的基础上建立规范的农地经营权流转制度，并同时辅之以农村社会保障机制和社会公平机制的建立，耕地功能分析，农地经营制度。     

Modeling Abundance Index Data from Anuran Calling Surveys

Abstract:  Evaluation of anuran populations is commonly based on calling surveys that report categorical abundance index data. I present a statistical model for abundance index data that are observations representing ordered abundance classes (e.g., none, some, many). The proposed model provides a formal treatment of detection probability, factors that affect detection, and variation in abundance. The model can be viewed as a generalization of that proposed by MacKenzie et al. (2002) for estimating site-occupancy rates in that it allows for more than two abundance classes. Because the abundance distribution is characterized by multiple abundance classes, it may be more sensitive to subtle changes in the underlying abundance that may go undetected with simple occupancy estimates under which sites are characterized merely as occupied or not. The method is most immediately applicable to surveys of anurans in which index data related to the intensity of calling activity are collected. I applied the proposed method to calling index data from the green frog (  Rana clamitans ) collected as part of the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program. The best model indicated considerable variation in detectability over time and in response to temperature. The resulting adjusted (for detectability) abundance-state distribution demonstrates the negative bias in abundance state obtained from simplistic summaries of calling index data that disregard these sources of variation in detectability.     

我国安全法制建设的现状与发展

分析了我国安全法制建设的现状与特点 ,在剖析其目前尚存不足的基础上着重从完善安全立法体系 ,建立与“关于特大安全事故行政责任追究制”相关的法规、条例 ,为健全“安全中介服务机构”服务、配套的规则、规范等方面提出了进一步发展的若干建议     

喷水灭火残留木炭导电性能的研究

通过试验的方法探讨了喷水灭火残留木炭的导电性能，揭示了其随着温度的升高和受热时间的增长而增强的规律，为火灾调查人员利用测定喷水灭火残留木炭的电阻值来分析火场温度，判定火势蔓延方向和起火部位提供了一种操作简便，准确可靠的方法。